Micro-Economics

What are the sources of inefficiency when price ceilings are introduced?

1) inefficient allocation to customers: people who want the good badly and are willing to pay a high price don't get it, and those who care relatively little about the good and are willing to pay a low price do get it
2) wasted resources: people expend money, effort, and time trying to cope with the shortages caused by the price ceiling
3) goods offered are of inefficiently low quality: sellers offer low-quality goods at low price even though buyers would prefer high-quality goods at higher prices
4) black market: a market where goods are bought and sold illegally - either because it is illegal to sell them or prices charged are illegally prohibited by a price ceiling

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